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However, it is envisioned as a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul, travel with the soul in bound form between rebirths, and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas. Karma, as in other Indian religions, connotes in Jainism the universal cause and effect law. Jain texts state that souls exist as "clothed with material bodies", where it entirely fills up the body. It further claims the vibration draws karmic particles to the soul and creates bondages, but is also what adds merit or demerit to the soul. It maintains that there are numerous souls, but every one of them has three qualities ( Guṇa): consciousness ( chaitanya, the most important), bliss ( sukha) and vibrational energy ( virya). Main article: Karma in Jainism Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (transmigrating souls) in JainismĪccording to Jainism, the existence of "a bound and ever changing soul" is a self-evident truth, an axiom which does not need to be proven. Major festivals include Paryushana and Das Lakshana, Ashtanika, Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Akshaya Tritiya, and Dipawali. Japan is also home to a fast-growing community of converts. Outside India, some of the largest Jain communities can be found in Canada, Europe, and the United States. The religion has between four and five million followers, known as Jains or Jainas, who reside mostly in India, where they numbered around 4.5 million at the 2011 census. The Śvētāmbara tradition in turn has three sub-traditions: Mandirvāsī, Deravasi, and Sthānakavasī.
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Both sub-traditions have mendicants supported by laypersons ( śrāvakas and śrāvikas). It has two major ancient sub-traditions, Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras, which hold different views on ascetic practices, gender, and the texts considered canonical. Jainism is one of the oldest religions still practiced today. Parasparopagraho jīvānām (the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto, and the Namokar Mantra is its most common and strongest prayer.
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These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly lacto-vegetarian lifestyle. Jain monks take five main vows: ahiṃsā (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (not stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). The three main pillars of Jainism are ahiṃsā (non-violence), anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), and aparigraha (asceticism). Jainism is considered an eternal dharma with the tirthankaras guiding every time cycle of the cosmology. Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, whom the tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to the 9th century BCE, and the twenty-fourth tirthankara Mahavira, around 600 BCE. Jainism ( / ˈ dʒ eɪ n ɪ z əm/ JAY-niz-əm), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.